Output That You Can Feel Is Called _____ Output.
How Computers Piece of work: Input and Output
The fundamental processing unit of measurement is the unseen part of a computer organization, and users are only dimly aware of it. Only users are very much aware of the input and output associated with the computer. They submit input data to the estimator to get candy data, the output.
Sometimes the output is an instant reaction to the input. Consider these examples:
- Zebra-striped bar codes on supermarket items provide input that permits instant retrieval of outputs - price and item proper name - correct at the checkout counter.
- A banking company teller queries the computer through the small concluding at the window by giving a customer's account number every bit input. The same screen immediately provides the client'southward account balance as output.
- A forklift operator speaks directly to a computer through a microphone. Words similar left, right, and elevator are the actual input data. The output is the calculator's instant response, which causes the forklift to operate as requested.
- A medical student studies the human body on a reckoner screen, inputting changes to the plan to prove a shut-up of the leg and so to remove layers of tissue to reveal the muscles and bone underneath. The screen outputs the changes, allowing the pupil (without donning a mask, sanitary gloves, or operating gown) to simulate surgery on the computer.
- A sales representative uses an musical instrument that looks like a pen to enter an social club on a special pad. The handwritten characters are displayed as "typed" text and are stored in the pad, which is actually a small computer.
Input and output may sometimes exist separated by time or distance or both. Hither are some examples:
- Factory workers input data past punching in on a fourth dimension clock as they get from chore to chore. The time clock is connected to a figurer. The outputs are their weekly paychecks and reports for direction that summarize hours per project on a quarterly basis.
- A college student writes checks. The data on the checks is used as input to the bank computer, which eventually processes the data to prepare a bank statement once a calendar month.
- Charge-card transactions in a retail shop provide input data that is processed monthly to produce client bills.
- Water-sample data is collected at lake and river sites, keyed in at the ecology bureau office, and used to produce reports that testify patterns of water quality.
The examples in this section evidence the variety of computer applications, just in all cases the process is the same: input-processing-output. We take already had an introduction to processing. At present, in this chapter we will examine input and output methods in detail.
Input: Getting Data from the User to the Computer
Some input data can go directly to the reckoner for processing. Input in this category includes bar codes, speech that enters the computer through a microphone, and data entered by ways of a device that converts motions to on-screen action. Some input data, however, goes through a good deal of intermediate handling, such as when it is copied from a source document and translated to a medium that a machine can read, such as a magnetic disk. In either case the task is to gather data to be processed by the figurer �sometimes called raw data and catechumen it into some form the computer tin empathize. Keyboard
A keyboard is usually part of a personal computer or role of a final that is continued to a computer somewhere else. Not all keyboards are traditional, withal. A fast-food franchise similar McDonald'south, for example, uses keyboards whose keys represent items such every bit big fries or a Big Mac. Even less traditional in the United States are keyboards that are used to enter Chinese characters.
Mouse
A mouse is an input device with a brawl on its underside that is rolled on a flat surface, usually the desk on which the reckoner sits. The rolling movement causes a corresponding movement on the screen. Moving the mouse allows you to reposition the pointer, or cursor, an indicator on the screen that shows where the next interaction with the computer tin take place. The cursor can as well be moved by pressing various keyboard keys. You can communicate commands to the computer past pressing a push on top of the mouse. In detail, a mouse button is ofttimes used to click on an icon, a pictorial symbol on a screen; the icon represents a figurer activeness-a command to the computer-and so clicking the icon invokes the command.
Trackball
A variation on the mouse is the trackball. You may have used a trackball to play a video game. The trackball is similar an upside-down mouse-y'all roll the ball directly with your hand. The popularity of the trackball surged with the advent of laptop computers, when traveling users found them- selves without a flat surface on which to gyre the traditional mouse.
Source Data Automation: Collecting Data Where It Starts
Efficient data input means reducing the number of intermediate steps required between the origination of data and its processing. This is best achieved by source data automation �the utilise of special equipment to collect data at the source, as a past-product of the activity that generates the data, and send it straight to the computer. Retrieve, for example, the supermarket bar code, which can be used to ship data about the product directly to the calculator. Source data automation eliminates keying, thereby reducing costs and opportunities for human-introduced mistakes. Since data near a transaction is collected when and where the transaction takes place, source data automation also improves the speed of the input operation.
For convenience, we will divide this discussion into the primary areas related to source data automation: magnetic-ink character recognition, optical recognition, data drove devices, and even directly by your own voice, finger, or centre. Let u.s.a. consider each of these in turn.
Magnetic-Ink Character Recognition
Abbreviated MICR, magnetic-ink graphic symbol recognition is a method of auto-reading characters made of magnetized particles. The most common instance of magnetic characters is the assortment of numbers across the lesser of your personal check.
Most magnetic-ink characters are preprinted on your check. If yous compare a check yous wrote that has been cashed and cleared by the banking concern with those that are still unused in your checkbook, you volition annotation that the amount of the cashed check has been reproduced in magnetic characters in the lower-correct corner. These characters were added by a person at the banking company by using a MICR inscriber.
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Optical Mark Recognition
Abbreviated OMR, optical marking recognition is sometimes called mark sensing, considering a automobile senses marks on a piece of paper. As a student, you may immediately recognize this approach as the technique used to score sure tests. Using a pencil, you make a mark in a specified box or space that corresponds to what you think is the reply. The answer sheet is then graded by a device that uses a light beam to recognize the marks and catechumen them to reckoner-recognizable electrical signals.
Optical Grapheme Recognition
Abbreviated OCR, optical character recognition devices as well apply a light source to read special characters and convert them into electrical signals to exist sent to the central processing unit. The characters-messages, numbers, and special symbols-tin be read past both humans and machines. They are often found on sales tags on shop merchandise. A standard typeface for optical characters, called OCR-A, has been established by the American National Standards Found.
The handheld wand reader is a popular input device for reading OCR-A. There is an increasing utilise of wands in libraries, hospitals, and factories, every bit well every bit in retail stores. In retail stores the wand reader is connected to a betoken-of-sale (POS) concluding. This terminal is somewhat like a cash register, but it performs many more functions. When a clerk passes the wand reader over the cost tag, the computer uses the input merchandise number to retrieve a clarification (and possibly the cost, if not on the tag) of the particular. A small printer produces a customer receipt that shows the particular clarification and price. The computer calculates the subtotal, the sales tax (if any), and the total. This information is displayed on the screen and printed on the receipt; detect that both screen and printer are output, then the POS concluding is a complex machine that performs both input and output functions. Finally, some POS terminals include a device that will accept a credit card, inputting account data from the magnetic strip on a customer's charge card.
The raw purchase data becomes valuable information when it is summarized past the calculator system. This information can be used by the accounting section to keep track of how much money is taken in each mean solar day, by buyers to determine what trade should be reordered, and by the marketing section to clarify the effectiveness of their ad campaigns.
Bar Codes
Each product on the store shelf has its own unique number, which is part of the Universal Product Code (UPC). This code number is represented on the product label by a pattern of vertical marks, or bars, called bar codes. (UPC, by the way, is an agreed-upon standard within the supermarket industry; other kinds of bar codes exist. You lot demand only look as far as the back cover of this book to see an example of some other kind of bar lawmaking.) These zebra stripes can be sensed and read by a bar code reader, a photo- electric device that reads the code by means of reflected light. Every bit with the wand reader in a retail shop, the bar code reader in a bookstore or grocery shop is part of a point-of-sale terminal. When you buy, say, a can of corn at the supermarket, the checker moves information technology by the bar lawmaking reader. The bar code merely identifies the production to the store's figurer; the lawmaking does not comprise the cost, which may vary. The price is stored in a file that can be accessed by the reckoner. (Obviously, information technology is easier to alter the price once in the computer than to have to repeatedly restamp the toll on each can of corn. ) The computer automatically tells the signal- of-sale terminal what the cost is; a printer prints the item description and price on a paper tape for the customer. Some supermarkets are moving to self-scanning, putting the bar code reader-likewise every bit the bagging-in the customer's hands.
Although bar codes were once constitute primarily in supermarkets, there are a multifariousness of other interesting applications. Bar coding has been described every bit an inexpensive and remarkably reliable way to get data into a figurer. It is no wonder that near every manufacture has constitute a niche for bar codes. In Brisbane, Australia, bar codes help the Scarlet Cross manage their blood banking concern inventory. Also consider the case of Federal Express. The management attributes a large part of the corporation's success to the bar-coding arrangement it uses to track packages. Each parcel is uniquely identified past a ten-digit bar code, which is input to the computer at each point every bit the package travels through the arrangement. An employee can use a figurer concluding to query the location of a given shipment at any fourth dimension; the sender can request a status report on a package and receive a response within 30 minutes. The figures are impressive: In regard to controlling packages, the visitor has an accurateness rate of better than 99 percentage.
Handwritten Characters
Machines that can read handwritten characters are yet another ways of reducing the number of intermediate steps between capturing data and processing it. In many instances it is preferable to write the data and immediately take it usable for processing rather than having data entry operators cardinal information technology in later. However, non just any kind of handwritten scrawl will do; the rules equally to the size, completeness, and legibility of the handwriting are adequately rigid.
Imaging
In a procedure called imaging, a scanner converts a drawing, a picture show, or any document into computer-recognizable course by shining a light on the image and sensing the intensity of the reflection at each point of the epitome. Scanners come in both handheld and desktop models. The electronic version of the prototype tin and then be stored, probably on deejay, and reproduced on screen when needed. Businesses find imaging particularly useful for documents, since they tin view an verbal replica of the original document at any time. If a text image is run through an optical grapheme recognition (OCR) program, then all words and numbers can be manipulated past word processing and other software. The Internal Revenue Service, using imaging and likewise OCR software that tin recognize characters from the prototype, is now scanning 17,000 tax returns per hour, a meaning improvement over manus processing.
Another mode to keep photos calculator accessible is to accept film that was shot with a conventional camera processed onto optical disk instead of prints or slides. Professional photo agencies keep thousands of images on file, ready to be leased for a fee. Typically, a couple of dozen thumbnail-size images tin be displayed on the screen at one time; a particular epitome can be enlarged to full-screen size with a click of a mouse push.
Data Collection Devices
Another source of straight data entry is a data collection device, which may be located in a warehouse or factory or wherever the activity that is generating the data is located. Every bit we noted earlier in the chapter, for instance, factory employees can use a plastic carte du jour to punch chore data direct into a computerized time clock. This process eliminates intermediate steps and ensures that the data will be more than accurate.
Data collection devices must be sturdy, trouble-costless, and easy to apply because they are often located in dusty, boiling, or hot or common cold locations. They are used by people such as warehouse workers, packers, forklift operators, and others whose primary work is not clerical. Examples of remote information collection devices are machines for taking inventory, reading aircraft labels, and recording job costs.
Voice Input
Does your computer take ears? Speaking to a estimator, known as vocalisation input or speech recognition, is another class of source input. Speech recognition devices accept the spoken word through a microphone and convert it into binary code (0s and 1s) that can be understood by the calculator. Originally, typical users were those with "busy hands," or easily likewise muddied for the keyboard, or with no admission to a keyboard. Such uses are changing radio frequencies in airplane cockpits, controlling inventory in an auto junkyard, reporting assay of pathology slides viewed under a microscope, asking for stock-market quotations over the phone, inspecting items moving along an assembly line, and allowing physically disabled users to issue commands.
Most speech recognition systems are speaker-dependent; that is, they must exist separately trained for each individual user. The speech recognition organisation "learns" the phonation of the user, who speaks isolated words repeatedly. The voiced words the organization "knows" are then recognizable in the time to come.
Oral communication recognition systems that are express to isolated words are called discrete word systems, and users must interruption betwixt words. Experts have tagged oral communication recognition equally one of the nigh difficult things for a computer to do. Eventually, continuous word systems volition be able to interpret sustained spoken communication, so users tin can speak normally; so far, such systems are express by vocabulary to a single subject, such as insurance or the weather. A key advantage of delivering input to a reckoner in a normal speaking pattern is ease of use. Such systems may also be propelled by the explosion of hand and wrist ailments associated with extensive computer keying. Today, software is bachelor to allow computers accept dictation from people who are willing to break . . . briefly . . . betwixt . . . words; the best systems are quite accurate and equivalent to typing 70 words per infinitesimal.
Bear on Screens
Ane way of getting input direct from the source is to have a homo just bespeak to a pick. The edges of the monitor of a touch screen emit horizontal and vertical beams of light that criss-cross the screen. When a finger touches the screen, the interrupted light beams can pinpoint the location selected on the screen. Kiosks in public places such as malls offer a diverseness of services via touch screens. An insurance visitor kiosk will allow you select a policy or a government kiosk will let you order a re-create of your birth certificate. Kiosks are also found in private stores. Wal-Mart, for example, uses a kiosk to let customers detect needed machine parts. Many delicatessens permit you lot point to salami on rye, among the other selections.
Looking
Delivering input to a calculator by just looking at the computer would seem to be the ultimate in capturing data at the source. The principles are reminiscent of making a screen selection by touching the screen with the finger. Electrodes attached to the skin around the eyes respond to move of the center muscles, which produce tiny electrical signals when they contract. The signals are read by the computer system, which determines the location on the screen where the user is looking.
Such a system is not yet the mainstream. The first people to do good would likely be those who, due to disabilities or busyness, cannot use their easily or voices for input.
Output: Information for the User
As we accept seen, computer output takes the form of screen or printer output. Other forms of output include voice, microfilm, and various forms of graphics output.
A figurer organization often is designed to produce several kinds of output. An case is a travel agency that uses a reckoner system. If a customer asks about airline connections to Toronto, Calgary, and Vancouver, say, the travel agent will probably make a few queries to the system to receive on-screen output indicating availability on the diverse flights. Afterwards the reservations have been confirmed, the amanuensis tin enquire for printed output that includes the tickets, the traveler'south itinerary, and the invoice. The agency may also continue the customer records on microfilm. In addition, agency management may periodically receive printed reports and charts, such as monthly summaries of sales figures or pie charts of regional costs. We brainstorm with the most common form of output, estimator screens.
Computer Screen Technology
A user'south start interaction with a computer screen may exist the screen response to the user'due south input. When data is entered, it appears on the screen. Furthermore, the calculator response to that data-the output-also appears on the screen. Computer screens come up in many varieties, but the almost common kind is the cathode ray tube (CRT). About CRT screens apply a engineering science called raster-scan technology. The backing of the screen display has a phosphorous coating, which will glow whenever it is striking by a beam of electrons. Simply the light does not stay lit very long, so the image must exist refreshed often. If the screen is not refreshed often enough, the fading screen image appears to flicker. A scan rate-the number of times the screen is refreshed-of 60 times per second is usually adequate to retain a clear screen paradigm. As the user, you tell the computer what epitome yous want on the screen, by typing, say, the letter of the alphabet M, and the computer sends the appropriate prototype to exist beamed on the screen. This is essentially the same process used to produce idiot box images.
A computer brandish screen that tin be used for graphics is divided into dots that are called addressable, because they tin can be addressed individually by the graphics software. Each dot can exist illuminated individually on the screen. Each dot is potentially a picture element, or pixel. The resolution of the screen, its clarity, is directly related to the number of pixels on the screen: The more than pixels, the higher the resolution. Some computers come with built-in graphics adequacy. Others need a device, called a graphics carte du jour or graphics adapter lath, that has to be added.
There accept been several color screen standards, relating specially to resolution. The first color brandish was CGA (color graphics adapter), which had low resolution by today's standards (320x200 pixels). This was followed by the sharper EGA (enhanced graphics adapter), featuring 640x350 pixels. Today, VGA and SVGA are common standards. VGA (video graphics assortment) has 640x480 pixels. SVGA (super VGA) offers 800x600 pixels or 1024x768 pixels, by far the superior clarity.
Is bigger really better? Screen sizes are measured diagonally. Many personal computers come with a fifteen inch screen. A 15 inch screen is fine for about unmarried applications, just for applications with big graphics, or for having multiple windows open, information technology is sometimes inadequate. For a few hundred dollars more, 17 inch tin can exist meliorate. There are even bigger screens that cost substantially more. Bigger is usually improve, but more expensive.
Types of Screens
Cathode ray tube monitors that brandish text and graphics are in common employ today. Although most CRTs are color, some screens are monochrome, meaning only 1 colour, usually light-green, appears on a dark background. Another blazon of screen technology is the liquid crystal display (LCD), a flat display often seen on watches and calculators. LCD screens are used on laptop computers. Some LCDs are monochrome, but color screens are popular. Some laptop screens are nearing CRTs in resolution quality.
Terminals
A screen may be the monitor of a self-contained personal reckoner, or it may be role of a terminal that is one of many terminals attached to a big computer. A last consists of an input device, an output device, and a communications link to the primary computer. Virtually commonly, a concluding has a keyboard for an input device and a screen for an output device, although at that place are many variations on this theme.
Printers
A printer is a device that produces printed paper output, known in the estimator industry as hard copy because it is tangible and permanent (dissimilar soft copy, which is displayed on a screen). Some printers produce only letters and numbers, whereas others tin can besides produce graphics.
Messages and numbers are formed by a printer either as solid characters or every bit dot-matrix characters. Dot-matrix printers create characters in the same way that individual lights in a pattern spell out words on a basketball game scoreboard. Dot-matrix printers construct a character past activating a matrix of pins that produce the shape of the character. A traditional matrix is 5x7-that is, five dots wide and seven dots loftier. These printers are sometimes chosen nine-pin printers, because they have two actress vertical dots for descenders on the lowercase letters g, j, p, and y. The 24-pin dot-matrix printer, which uses a series of overlapping dots, dominates the dot-matrix market. The more dots, the better the quality of the graphic symbol produced. Some dot-matrix printers can produce color images.
There are two ways of printing an image on newspaper: the impact method and the non-touch on method. Allow united states have a closer await at the difference.
Impact Printers
The term impact refers to the fact that impact printers use some sort of physical contact with the paper to produce an image, physically striking paper, ribbon, and print hammer together. The impact may be produced by a print hammer graphic symbol, like that of a typewriter key striking a ribbon confronting the paper, or by a print hammer hitting newspaper and ribbon against a character. A dot-matrix printer is one instance of an impact printer. Loftier- quality affect printers print only one character at a time.
However, users who are more concerned about loftier volume than high quality unremarkably use line printers - bear upon printers that impress an entire line at a time. Organizations that apply mainframe and minicomputers usually accept several line printers. Such organizations are likely to print hearty reports, perhaps relating to payroll or costs, for internal use. The book of the report and the fact that it will not exist seen by customers makes the speedy-and less expensive line printer advisable. One last note well-nigh impact printers: An impact printer must exist used if printing a multiple-copy report so that the duplicate copies will receive the imprint.
Non-touch on Printers
A not-touch printer places an image on a page without physically touching the folio. The major technologies competing in the not-impact market are laser and ink-jet. Laser printers use a light axle to assistance transfer images to newspaper, producing extremely loftier-quality results. Laser printers print a page at a time at impressive speeds. Large organizations use laser printers to produce high-volume customer-oriented reports. At the personal computer finish, depression-cease black and white laser printers can now be purchased for a few hundred dollars. Nevertheless, color laser jet printers are more expensive.
The rush to laser printers has been influenced by the trend toward desktop publishing-using a personal reckoner, a laser printer, and special software to make professional-looking publications, such as newsletters.
Ink-jet printers, by spraying ink from multiple jet nozzles, can print both black and white and in several dissimilar colors of ink to produce splendid graphics. As proficient as they are, color printers are not perfect. The colour yous come across on your computer screen is not necessarily the colour y'all will see on the printed output. Nor is it likely to be the color you would see on a four-colour first printing press. Nevertheless, with low-end printers now under $250, they may be a bargain for users who want their ain color output capability.
There are many advantages to non-affect printers over impact ones, but in that location are two major reasons for their growing popularity: They are faster and quieter. Other advantages of non-impact printers over conventional mechanical printers are their ability to change typefaces automatically and their ability to produce high-quality graphics.
Phonation Output
Nosotros have already examined vocalism input in some particular. As y'all volition encounter in this section, nevertheless, computers are oftentimes like people in the sense that they notice it easier to talk than to mind. Speech communication synthesis is the process of enabling machines to talk to people is much easier than speech recognition. "The fundamental is in the ignition," your automobile says to you as yous open the motorcar door to get out. Machine voices are not existent human voices. They are the product of voice synthesizers (also called voice-output devices or audio-response units), which catechumen data in main storage to vocalized sounds understandable to humans.
There are two bones approaches to getting a computer to talk. The start is synthesis by analysis, in which the device analyzes the input of an actual human vocalisation speaking words, stores and processes the spoken sounds, and reproduces them as needed. The procedure of storing words is like to the digitizing process nosotros discussed earlier when considering vocalisation input. In essence, synthesis by analysis uses the computer every bit a digital tape recorder.
The 2d approach to synthesizing speech is synthesis by rule, in which the device applies a complex gear up of linguistic rules to create artificial speech. Synthesis based on the human vocalisation has the reward of sounding more natural, only it is limited to the number of words stored in the estimator.
Voice output has become common in such places every bit airline and motorbus terminals, banks, and brokerage houses. It is typically used when an inquiry is followed by a brusque answer (such as a banking company balance or flight time). Many businesses take found other creative uses for voice output every bit it applies to the phone. Automatic phone voices ("Hi, this is a figurer speaking. . . " ) take surveys, inform customers that itemize orders are prepare to be picked up, and, perhaps, remind consumers that they take non paid their bills.
Music Output
Personal computer users accept occasionally sent primitive musical messages, feeble tones that wheezed from the tiny internal speaker. Many users remain at this level, but a significant change is in progress.
Professional person musicians lead the fashion, using special sound chips that simulate unlike instruments. A sound menu, installed internally in the reckoner, and fastened speakers complete the output environment. At present, using appropriate software, the figurer can produce the sound of an orchestra or a rock band. Those of u.s. who merely enjoy music can have a full sight/sound feel using multimedia, which we will explore in particular in the next chapter.
Computer Graphics
Allow united states of america accept a moment to glimpse everyone's favorite, calculator graphics. Just most everyone has seen Television commercials or movies that utilise computer-produced animated graphics. Computer graphics can also be plant in instruction, computer art, science, sports, and more. But perhaps their most prevalent employ today is in business organization.
Business Graphics
Information technology might seem wasteful to use color graphics to brandish what could more inexpensively be shown to managers as numbers in standard computer printouts. However, colorful graphics, maps, and charts can help managers compare information more easily, spot trends, and make decisions more quickly. Also, the apply of colour helps people get the picture-literally. Finally, although color graphs and charts accept been used in business for years-usually to make presentations to college management or outside clients-the reckoner allows them to be rendered quickly, earlier data becomes outdated. One user refers to business graphics as "reckoner- assisted insight."
Video Graphics
Video graphics can be as creative as an blithe cartoon. Although they operate on the aforementioned principle equally a film or cartoon-one frame at a time in quick succession video graphics are produced by computers. Video graphics take made their biggest splash on television, but many people exercise not realize they are watching a computer at work. The next time you watch boob tube, skip the trip to the kitchen and pay special attention to the commercials. Unless there is a live human in the advert, there is a good adventure that the moving objects you see, such as floating cars and bobbing electrical razors, are reckoner output. Another fertile ground for video graphics is a boob tube network's logo and theme. Accompanied past music and swooshing sounds, the network symbol spins and cavorts and turns itself inside out, all with the finesse that simply a computer could supply.
Computer-Aided Design/Reckoner-Aided Manufacturing
For more than than a decade, computer graphics have likewise been part and package of a field known past the abridgement CAD/CAM-short for computer- aided blueprint/estimator-aided manufacturing. In this area computers are used to create two- and iii-dimensional pictures of everything from hand tools to tractors. CAD/CAM provides a bridge between blueprint (planning what a product will be) and manufacturing (actually making the planned product). As a manager at Chrysler said, "Many companies take design data and manufacturing data, and the 2 are never the same. At Chrysler, we take merely one set of data that everyone dips into." Keeping data in 1 place, of course, makes changes easier and encourages consistency.
Graphics Input Devices
There are many ways to produce and interact with screen graphics. We have already described the mouse; the following are some other common devices that let the user to interact with screen graphics. A digitizing tablet lets you create your own images. This device has a special stylus that yous tin utilize to draw or trace images, which are and so converted to digital data that can be processed by the estimator.
For direct interaction with your computer screen, the calorie-free pen is platonic. It is versatile enough to alter screen graphics or make a bill of fare selection-that is, to cull from a list of action choices on the screen. A calorie-free pen has a light-sensitive prison cell at i stop. When y'all place the light pen against the screen, it closes a photoelectric excursion that pinpoints the spot the pen is touching. This tells the reckoner where to enter or modify pictures or data on the screen.
Finally, a well-known graphics input device is the joystick, honey to the hearts of video game fans. This device allows fingertip control of figures on a CRT screen.
Graphics Output Devices
Just as there are many unlike means to input graphics to the reckoner, there are many different means to output graphics. Graphics are near commonly output on a screen or printed paper, as previously discussed. Another popular graphics output device is the plotter, which can draw hard-copy graphics output in the form of maps, bar charts, applied science drawings, and even two- or three-dimensional illustrations. Plotters often come with a set up of four pens in four different colors. Most plotters also offer shading features.
New forms of computer input and output are announced regularly, often with promises of multiple benefits and new ease of utilise. Part of the excitement of the computer world is that these promises are unremarkably kept, and users reap the benefits direct. Input and output but keep getting better.
Source: https://homepage.cs.uri.edu/faculty/wolfe/book/Readings/Reading06.htm
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